Resilience is a fundamental concept in behavioral sciences, referring to the ability of individuals, communities, and health systems to adapt, recover, and thrive in the face of psychosocial stressors and structural crises. Over the past decades, the concept has evolved from an individual psychological trait to a multidimensional and interdisciplinary framework encompassing biological, social, cultural, and policy domains. This narrative review aimed to analyze the concept of resilience and explore its relationship with preventive and community medicine. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases between 2000 and 2024 using the keywords “Resilience,” “Social Medicine,” “Community Medicine,” “Public Health,” and “Preventive Medicine.” Thirty–five key articles were selected based on relevance and methodological quality. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings indicate that resilience in community medicine depends not only on individual characteristics but also on population capacities, social networks, and health policy frameworks. Community-based interventions, resilience-oriented health planning, and strengthening health systems play a crucial role in reducing health inequities and improving population quality of life. Evidence also highlights that collective resilience and social capital significantly influence post-crisis recovery and mental health outcomes. Resilience is a cross-disciplinary construct bridging individual and population health. Integrating resilience into preventive and community medicine frameworks is essential to enhance health systems’ adaptive capacity and promote sustainable public health strategies.